Branwyn -

Are They Archaic Club Heads?

Illustration of two reconstructed stone-headed clubs showing how rounded stones may have been attached to handles with rawhide. — Illustration of stone-headed clubs showing possible hafting methods using rawhide or leather to secure rounded stones to wooden handles.

By Gregory Perino, Thomas Gilcrease Institute, Tulsa, Okla.

Stone Archaic club heads from Illinois, Arkansas, and Indiana, illustrated in Figure 6 of the January 1972 Central States Archaeological Journal. — Figure 6. Possible Archaic stone club heads from Illinois, Arkansas, and Indiana, from the collections of Greg Perino and the Thomas Gilcrease Institute.

Probably one of the least understood artifacts is a type that is generally rounded or egg-shaped and about the size and shape of a goose egg. The small end is truncated to about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, having a shallow depression pecked into the end (Fig. 8-E).

Figure 7

Six stone Archaic club heads, sometimes called cup-based plummets, from North Carolina, Indiana, and Illinois.

Stone Archaic Club Heads, sometimes called Cup-based Plummets. A – pink quartz, found in Allen County, North Carolina; B – hematite, found in Gibson County, Indiana; C – hematite, found in Warren County, Illinois; D – granite, found in Woodford County, Illinois; E – hematite, found in Warren County, Illinois; F – quartz found in Madison County, Illinois. From the collection of Ben Thompson, Kirkwood, Missouri.

Figure 8

Six possible stone Archaic club heads made of quartz and granite from Georgia, Indiana, Missouri, and Illinois.

Stone Archaic Club Heads. A – quartz, found in Jackson County, Georgia; B – quartz, found in Posey County, Indiana; C – granite, found in St. Francois County, Missouri; D – granite, found in Woodford County, Illinois; E – quartz, found in Madison County, Illinois; F – granite, found in Jersey County, Illinois. This one not only has the cup base, but also a groove at the top and four depressions leading into the groove. From the collection of Ben Thompson, Kirkwood, Missouri.

They have been found sparingly on sites in Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, North Carolina and Georgia and are expected to occur in most states peripheral to the ones mentioned.

Moorehead in his “Prehistoric Implements” neglected to illustrate them although he shows a variety of plummets and cones. They are surface finds and to my knowledge, have never been reported as being found in burial context so that we might learn the cultural affiliation and probable use. Therefore, we must work out the answer by studying the artifacts and hope for a lucky break.

Since there were no indications as to what these artifacts were used for, collectors have arbitrarily classified them as a form of plummet but none have been found on sites where plummets occur.

In 1968 when we were working at the Yokem Site, Pike County, Illinois, a farmer visiting the dig brought an artifact for my inspection. It was not egg-shaped but was flattened, broad, and tapered towards one end. It had two rows of small projections, four in each row with a valley between the rows. The tapered portion was truncated and the end was cupped (Fig. 6-A). Here was an unusual variation of the artifact in question but it told us more than the others could. It was made of diorite like most of the Archaic axes found in the area, and it was weathered. The valley between the two rows of projections or nodes indicated that the object could have been tied on a handle perhaps with rawhide.

In the Gilcrease collections there are several small historic clubs having naturally rounded stones encased in rawhide or leather. One type has rawhide sewn around a wooden handle with an extension of the rawhide sewn around and holding the stone against the end of the handle. A plume of horsehair extends from the other end held by a small beaded band. The other type of club is made from the skin of an inverted horses tail. The small end retains the horsehair and is used as a plume on the end of the handle. A wooden handle is inserted in the part next to the plume, then a length of the skin is twisted into a short rope-like extension, after which, the skin is opened and fitted and sewn around a stone about two inches in diameter (illustrated in the drawings at the head of this article).

From the evidence inherent in the design of the artifact found in Pike County, I would conclude that this class of artifact represented Archaic club heads and that they were fastened directly against the handle, the distal (far) end of which rested in the depression in the proximal (near) end of the stones. They are made of the same kinds of stone as Archaic axes were made of, namely, diorite, hematite of several kinds, and sometimes of quartz.

Something many collectors and others are not aware of, is that Indians of almost all cultural periods made clubs. A check of early colonial drawings made of historic Indians in the east and south illustrates them as carrying long wooden clubs. The French describe the wooden clubs of the Natchez as having heads in the form of the Fleur-de-lis like heads found on Mississippian flint maces. Flint maces were monolithic models of these clubs. Late Woodland people in Illinois made edged clubs like the Mississippian but also set one or more flint spikes in them. The Archaic made at least one form of club as indicated by the stones reported earlier in this paper.

A Brief Note on the Texas Early Triangle Type

by Malcolm T. McLaughlin, Aurora, Colorado

Seven Texas Early Triangle stone points from Central and West Texas shown with an inch ruler for scale. — Seven Texas Early Triangle artifacts from Central and West Texas, illustrating variations in size, lithic material, serration, and blade form.

The Texas Early Triangle is an artifact type found predominantly in Central Texas and also occasionally in West Texas. These artifacts are dated to approximately 5700 years ago, placing them near the transition from the Early Archaic period to the Middle Archaic period in Central Texas. The Early Triangle type is described by Ellen S. Turner and Thomas R. Hester in A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Early Triangles do not have stems or notches for hafting to an atlatl foreshaft, suggesting they were probably used as knives or cutting tools.

Early Triangles are fascinating artifacts, because they display traits that are considered highly desirable by many collectors. Specifically, most Early Triangles have a distinctive combination of basal fluting or thinning, steep bevel blade resharpening, and prominent serrations that appear along the blade edge throughout the life of the artifact. These characteristics are considered desirable by many collectors because they reflect techniques applied in the construction of projectile points from the Paleo and Early Archaic periods, and also because they provide great visual appeal.

Twelve Early Triangles were reviewed for this Note, eleven of the examples were found in Coryell, Hamilton and Bell Counties in Central Texas, and one example was found in West Texas. The studied examples vary in length from 52mm to 100mm, but have remarkably consistent basal widths between 33 and 38mm. This suggests that Early Triangles are often constructed with initial length-to-width ratios of around 3:1. Over time, several of the examples were resharpened until they reached length-to-width ratios of less than 2:1, creating steep bevels on the blade edges.

Early Triangles display two curious traits related to the resharpening process. First, the type can be separated into sub-groups, one representing resharpened examples with truly triangular blades (Figure 1) and the other representing examples with recurved blades (Figure 2). Most examples in both categories display basal fluting or thinning and prominent serrations. Second, the process of bevel resharpening is inconsistent across examples. Some are beveled on the right side of the blade, while others are beveled on the left side of the blade; some are even beveled on both sides of the blade. These traits highlight significant diversity within the point type.

References:

Turner, Ellen S., and Hester, Thomas R.
1993. A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians, Gulf Publishing.

Perttula, Timothy K.
2004. The Pre-History of Texas, Texas A&M University Publishing.

At top: Figure 1. Early triangles with triangular blades

A Unique Artifact – The Dimple Stone

by Tim Brawner, Dothan Alabama

The dimple stone is an unusual artifact found primarily in the southeastern coastal plain regions of the United States and is often referred to as an egg-stone. Dimple stones are an oval or egg-shaped polished stone artifact, the basal end is flat with a concave depression or “dimple”. This feature distinguishes these artifacts from other problematic polished stone artifacts.

Dimple stones are quite rare and have been reported throughout the eastern United States, but they occur primarily in the coastal plain regions of the fall line from Virginia, the Carolina’s, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. The core distribution area seems to be the northern Florida riverain environments of the Aucilla, Santa Fe and Suwannee river basins and extends northward and westward into the coastal plain regions of Alabama and Georgia along the Chattahoochee and Flint river basins. The Chattahoochee river basin seems to be the western and northern boundary of this core area.

Like other polished stone artifacts, dimple stones were manufactured by starting with a stone of the approximate shape, then by pecking, grinding and polishing. Quartzite and sandstone were the most common materials used in the manufacture of these artifacts. Other materials include claystone, diorite, dolomite, gneiss, hematite, limestone and porphyry. Rachels and Knight examined 86 dimple stones. The average length was 50 mm (1.97 inches) with a range of 32 to 89 mm. The average width was 43 mm (1.69 inches) with a range of 23 to 73 mm. And the average dimple depth was 1.8 mm (.07 inches) with a range of near 0 to 5 mm.

Almost all of these artifacts have been isolated finds making cultural associations difficult. A dimple stone was recovered from an early level of the Page-Ladson Site with a radiocarbon date of 12,330 BP. The Page-Ladson Site is an underwater site in the Aucilla River in Florida. Some dismiss this date as the mixing of different strata and suggest other radiocarbon dates of 9,500 to 10,000 BP.

Another example was found at the Cavern Site in Marion County Florida. The Cavern Site is an underwater cave in the artesian springs that spawn the Silver River and at the time of occupation was a dry land site. Although not in proper archaeological context, this example was found on the same floor as a Suwannee Paleo point, a thin sheet of ivory, and bones of mammoth, mastodon, ground sloth and other Pleistocene animals.

At top: Dimple stone found by the author in March of 1988, approximately ¼ of a mile from the Chattahoochee River in Houston County Alabama. This is a finely made Type 2 dimple stone and is 60 mm (2.36 inches) long, 41 mm (1.61 inches) wide, 34 mm (1.34 inches) at the widest point from the dimple end, and the dimple is .5 mm (.02 inches) deep. This artifact was actually found by accident. My wife was pregnant and had to take a bathroom break on our way to fish, so we pulled off a dirt lane and found the artifact in the dirt lane, oh well luck counts!

Map of the Fall Line and Distribution Area

Map showing the Fall Line and major river basins associated with dimple stone distribution in the southeastern United States. — Map of the Fall Line and dimple stone distribution area, showing the Chattahoochee, Flint, Withlacoochee, Aucilla, Suwannee, and Santa Fe rivers.

The fall line runs parallel to the Atlantic coast and divides the eastern coastal plain from the Appalachian foothills, then turns westward into Georgia and Alabama and continues through Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The majority of dimple stones are found below the fall line. The core distribution area seems to be the northern Florida riverain environments associated with the Aucilla, Santa Fe and Suwannee river basins and the adjacent coastal plain regions of Georgia and Alabama along the Chattahoochee and Flint river basins. The Aucilla River basin originates in south central Georgia, empties into the Gulf of Mexico and includes the Wacissa River. The Suwannee River basin originates in the Okefenokee Swamp in southeastern Georgia, empties into the Gulf of Mexico and includes the Alapaha, Ichetucknee, New, Santa Fe and Withlacoochee rivers. The Suwannee River basin separates peninsular Florida from the Florida panhandle. The Chattahoochee River basin originates in northeastern Georgia, converges with the Flint River at the Georgia and Florida state lines to form the Apalachicola River which empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee river basin seems to represent the western and northern boundaries of the core distribution area.

The Primary Types of Dimple Stones

Illustration showing the four primary types of prehistoric dimple stones, labeled Type 1 through Type 4. — The four primary types of dimple stones, illustrating differences in shape and proportions among Types 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Rachels and Knight defined four primary types of dimple stones. Type 1 is oval or egg-shaped with the widest point approximately 2/3 from the dimple end. Type 2 is oval or egg-shaped with the widest point near the middle, the distal end tapers to somewhat of a point. Type 3 is circular or round in shape, but wider in the middle. Type 4 is oval in shape but tapers on the distal end to a flattened ridge.

Dimple stones are not represented in the archaeological record in later times. The majority of the isolated finds in the coastal plain regions are found in close proximity to rivers and creeks and are often found on the same sites where older point topologies are found. Dimple stones seem to be a Late Paleo to Early Archaic artifact type.

The purpose or function of these artifacts is not known. They have been identified as bola stones, club heads, game-stones, nutting stones, hammer stones, ceremonial objects and other. Logical would assume that the time and effort needed to produce a dimple stone would imply some type of specific purpose or function, or other value to the maker. This seems to eliminate bola stones, nutting stones and hammer stones while supporting club heads, game-stones or for ceremonial use.

Bolas consist of more than one stone and when thrown could be easily lost. If used as nutting stones or hammer stones they would be damaged from use and a waste of the maker’s time. Perino suggests they were Archaic club heads and that clubs were widely used by the different cultures. Clubs were not as prone to loss since they were hand held and were widely used. Dimple stones were limited in time but clubs continued over time, and certainly club head styles changed over time and from region to region. Rachels and Knight examined use wear and concluded that the dimple served as a hafting area for some type of use. Game-stones were typically a manifestation of later cultures while dimple stones occur earlier. We don’t understand the ceremonialism of the earlier cultures so we don’t know if dimple stones were for ceremonial use, symbolic in nature or served as some form of status. We may not understand the purpose of these artifacts until others are found in such a manner to indicate use.

Dimple stones are rare artifacts that occur in the eastern United States, primarily in the coastal plain regions of the fall line. The dimple is the characteristic that separates these artifacts from other types of artifacts.

Although only one dimple stone has been reported in archaeological context, it seems that these artifacts are of a Late Paleo to Early Archaic origin. Many theories have been postulated as to their purpose but until examples are found in proper context to indicate use, we will not understand the purpose of these unusual artifacts. I was lucky enough to find one of these artifacts which remains as one of the centerpieces of our collection.

References

Neill, Wilfred T.
1971 A Florida Paleo-Indian Implement of Ground Stone. The Florida Anthropologist Vol. 24-2, pp. 61-70.

Perino, Gregory
1972 Are they Archaic Club Heads? Central States Archaeological Journal Vol. 19-1, pp. 14-18.

Rachels, Thomas and Knight, L. Robert
2004 Dimple Stones – An Unique and Early Ground Stone Artifact Type From the Southeast. The Amateur Archaeologist Special Issue Fall 2004, pp. 57-75.

Tesar, Louis D.
1994 Clubheads, Bola Stones, or What? The Florida Anthropologist Vol. 47-3, pp. 295-303.

Seldom-Found Projectile Point from North Carolina’s Piedmont

Two Fountain Creek projectile points from Chatham County, North Carolina, shown above a centimeter and inch scale.

by Peter G. Murphy and Alice J. Murphy, St. Johns, Michigan

More than a hundred years of archaeological research and information garnered from well documented amateur collections have made it possible to identify and date many of the more distinctive projectile points found in North America. Over a thousand types have been described in journals and reference books. But other points, especially the less common types and those with transitional characteristics, present classification challenges even to the professional archaeologist. The two points in Fig. 1 present such a challenge. Of the 1,279 identifiable projectile points we surface-collected over a three-year period from 83 cultivated-field sites in six counties of North Carolina’s Piedmont, only two (Fig. 1) appeared to be of the Fountain Creek type first described in 1978 by Floyd Painter in The Chesopiean. He described the point as rare and estimated that fewer than 75 were known to have been found, mainly in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina.

Painter (1978) provided dimensional data for 24 examples of his proposed Fountain Creek type and illustrations of six points, but the illustrations are somewhat stylized drawings rather than photographs of actual points. Based largely on form, he believed Fountain Creek is related to, or a variant of, the Early Archaic Palmer type first described by Coe (1964) in North Carolina. In his guide to projectile points of Virginia and the Carolinas, Peck (1993) does not make reference to Fountain Creek points, but one of the three Palmer points he illustrates clearly resembles Painter’s Fountain Creek type. The same is true for one or two of the 21 Palmer points pictured in Barnard’s (1988) guide to Southeastern points.

Both of the points in Fig. 1 have Fountain Creek characteristics, but the point on the left, with the deep serrations, is most similar to Painter’s illustrations. Further, the two points in Fig. 1 are similar to six of the ten examples pictured in Overstreet (2011). Interestingly, Overstreet did not include Fountain Creek points in his 1st edition (1989), but by the 3rd edition (1993) four examples were pictured. Substantive information on the point is very limited and only a few other publications make any mention at all, among them Dragoo (1993) and Hranicky (2011). In the comprehensive survey of 30,164 identifiable North Carolina points reviewed by McReynolds (2005), Fountain Creek is not among the 35 recognized types.

The characteristics that define Fountain Creek points include 2–7 deep serrations or notches on each blade margin, a ground and slightly curved (convex) base, and length of 27–55 mm (Painter 1978). The width-to-length ratio of Fountain Creek points shown in Overstreet (2011) averages 1:2.3; our two examples average 1:2.4. The similarities between the two points in Fig. 1, found at a site in Chatham County, are somewhat subtle. Both have ground, rounded bases (unlike the straight or slightly concave bases of most Palmer points), blades with relatively straight, serrated edges, and both are made of the same type of metavolcanic stone with similar patination. The serrations are largely worn down on the smaller point.

Figure 1. Two Fountain Creek points from a site in Chatham County of the North Carolina Piedmont. The point on left is 45 mm long.

Although Painter perceived a connection between Fountain Creek and Palmer, Overstreet (2011) suggests a similarity with Kirk Stemmed points. As discussed in Murphy and Murphy (2012), Palmer and Kirk are sometimes considered to be elements of an Early Archaic complex of point types, rather than distinct entities, although Palmer is considered the earlier of the two types. The site from which we collected the points in Fig. 1 yielded a wide variety of Archaic Period points, including Palmer and Kirk. If Fountain Creek points are indeed of the Early Archaic Period, they would fall within the age range of approximately 10,000–7,000 B.P. But we have seen no record of them being found in controlled excavations with actual evidence of age or relationships to other point types. Coe (1964) shows one point with Fountain Creek traits among a group of excavated Palmers, but he represents it as just another Palmer. His Palmer points tend to fall into two basic categories; those that are fairly broad relative to their length (width-to-length ratio 1:1.3) and those that are more slender (width-to-length ratio 1:2.3). Relative to Palmer, the 24 Fountain Creek points described by Painter (1978) tend to be intermediate (1:1.8) in width-to-length ratio.

Until good examples of Fountain Creek points are found in controlled excavations of stratified sites, their age and relationship to other points, such as Palmer or Kirk, will remain speculative. Painter’s (1978) suggestion of a relationship with Palmer appears entirely valid. The points share characteristics that can make it difficult to distinguish between the two and they occur in the same region. However, until further evidence is acquired it may be most reasonable to consider Fountain Creek points as components of a Palmer-Kirk complex. It remains to be seen whether they deserve to be recognized as a separate type rather than a variant of a more established type. Whatever the case, points of the form shown in Fig. 1 are uncommon even in their apparent main region of occurrence, Virginia and North Carolina. They present engaging questions concerning their proper classification relative to other points of the Southeast.

References

Barnard, Frank K.
1988. How to Find and Identify Arrowheads and Other Indian Artifacts (Southeastern United States). F.K. Barnard, Rt. 6, Box 511, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 53 pgs.

Coe, Joffre L.
1964. The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series 54(5). 130 pgs.

Dragoo, Don W.
1993. Projectile Points of the Archaic Period, Eastern North America. Institute for Human History, Gloucester, Virginia. 36 pgs.

Hranicky, Wm Jack
2011. Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. 282 pgs.

McReynolds, Theresa E.
2005. Spatial and Temporal Patterning in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina Archaeology 54:1-33.

Murphy Peter G. and Alice J. Murphy
2012. Palmer Points Reflect On-Going Change in the Early Archaic Southeast and Demonstrate the Complexities Inherent in Point Classification. Central States Archaeological Journal 59(3):149-151.

Overstreet, Robert M.
2011. Official Overstreet Identification and Price Guide to Indian Arrowheads. House of Collectibles. 1264 pgs.

Painter, Floyd
1978. The Fountain Creek Projectile Point. The Chesopiean 16(1-3):32-33.

Peck, Rodney M.
1993. Indian Projectile Point Types from Virginia and the Carolinas. Piedmont Archaeological Society of N.C. and S.C., Inc., 2121 Quail Drive, Harrisburg, North Carolina. 43 pgs.

A Recent New Jersey Bannerstone Find

by C.J. O’Neill, Monroe, North Carolina

New Jersey bannerstone with a central drilled hole, showing its curved winged form and mottled brown stone surface.

Most Indian artifact collectors would like county-and-state attribution for our prized specimens. Occasionally we have to settle for only the state where it was found, or no provenience at all. Recently I purchased a notched crescent bannerstone that came with about as good a provenience as one can hope for, a street address.

The story begins on Sunday, Jan. 11, 2009, when a fellow named Darren Larsen contacted me by email about a bannerstone he had found. He had discovered me via the Internet and my web site, which features bannerstones. He sent along a few colored pictures, and I saw that it was the Notched Crescent type. This style is appropriate to New Jersey where Darren lives and where he had looked in vain for arrowheads for years. Darren wanted the piece authenticated and appraised.

Growing up in northern New Jersey, I had seen a few of these banners over the years and knew that the orange and black serpentine of which it is made was also appropriate for the area. But the vivid color, thinness of wings, condition and large size took me by surprise. The piece measured 6 3/8” across the wings, which taper to 1/16 near the tips. The barrel surrounding the hole is also quite thin, at 1/8”, and the hole is large, 11/16” at the widest and tapering to 5/8.” In the latter regard it reminds of the Wisconsin Winged banners, which also show large holes, and I couldn’t help but wonder if there was a developmental or perhaps functional relationship between the two. Maybe, I mused, these large-holed banners were used with rigid wooden shafts, whereas the small-holed banners were used with flexible shafts.

Anyway, I told Darren I wouldn’t bother getting it authenticated; there simply was no doubt it was ancient. I also gave him a range of values, noting that there was a “flea bite” out of each wing that would hurt the piece’s value a bit. And, of course, I asked if it were for sale. It was not.

I congratulated him on his find and asked if I might visit and examine the bannerstone when I return to New Jersey to see family to which he agreed.

To my surprise, soon after Darren wrote to say he had changed his mind and would part with the bannerstone “because of these difficult times we all find ourselves in.” I, of course, was wild with excitement on having the opportunity to add this fine piece to my collection.

I asked Darren to give me all the details of his finding the artifact: “In July of 2005,” he said, “Barclay Brook, the creek behind his house in Jamesburg, N.J., had turned into a raging river when 7-8 inches of rain fell in 20 minutes. The brook swept away his back fence, inundating the yard. The nearby Manalapan Lake poured over its banks and contributed to the deluge. The Larsen home was left an island amid the raging water.” Darren sent some—

At top: A view of the bannerstone showing the perforation.

pictures that showed a fellow kayaking down the street, a truck riding high in the water and the gap where the fence used to be.

Because there is a natural bend in the brook behind the Larsen house, old bottles collect there. After the water subsided, Darren went out to look for what washed out. Instead of the old bottles he anticipated, he spotted the artifact, lying where the fence used to be. He thought it was a boat propeller until he picked it up and felt the stone. “I realized that I finally had that ever elusive artifact in my possession. I didn’t know what it was or anything about it, but I knew it was something,” he later said. Darren contacted a professor in the Native American studies program at Monmouth University, who told him it was a bannerstone and an impressive one at that.

Now 44, Darren said he hopes he and his 10-year-old son will look some more around the brook behind his house when the weather breaks to see if he can find more Indian relics and bottles.

I should note that in discussing his search for Indian relics in northern New Jersey, where he had lived before moving to central New Jersey, Darren mentioned hunting arrowheads in the fields along Route 517 in Tranquility, N.J., without success. He remembers that when the wind was just right, he could smell the chocolate of the M&M/Mars plant miles below in the valley.

I grew up five miles south of Tranquility, on High Street, which is Route 517. I began collecting arrowheads when I was about 8 years, walking the corn fields of what was then the Baker’s Farm, which less than a decade later became the site of the M&M/Mars plant.

Two views of a New Jersey bannerstone showing its broad curved wings, mottled brown stone, dark natural markings, and surface wear.

Above: Two views of the bannerstone showing both sides. It measures 6 3/8 inches across, and is shown approximately 3/4 size.

CORNER-TANG KNIVES

Wayne Parker, Ralls, Texas

Corner-tanged flint knife mounted on a wooden handle, found in Colorado in 1850 and from the Frank Runkles collection. — Figure 52: A corner tanged knife mounted on a wooden handle. This unusual item was found in Colorado in 1850, after an attack on a wagon train. From the Collection of Frank Runkles, Post, Texas.

Perhaps the rarest, most sought after, most unusual, and most interesting artifacts found in the Southwest area are the five different types of the Tang knives. The relative scarcity of these blades, together with the variety of forms among them, seems to indicate they could belong to a culture of their own. Some of these knives may have been picked up by later Indians, who re-touched them and transformed them into drills, thus helping extend the reasons for their scarcity.

In Texas, the Tang knives are classified into five different types: (1) diagonal corner tang; (2) base tang; (3) back tang; (4) mid-back tang; and, (5) re-worked tangs, which usually take the form of drills. A brief description of these five types is as follows:

Different types of tang knives and reworked tang knives found in Texas from the Wayne Parker collection. — Figure 53: Different types of tang knives, and reworked tang knives. From the Collection of Wayne Parker; all were found in Texas.

1. Diagonal Tang — This type should be regarded as the standard for these blades. This is usually a triangle form with the tang occupying one of the corners at the base. About 50% of all tang knives are of this type. The diagonal blade would be very convenient for skinning hides.

2. Base Tang — This blade is of the spearhead type, with the tang located at the base end. Many people consider this type a lance and not a knife, while others believe it was hafted on a small handle and used as a knife. Most of these blades are curved or have a convex edge and could have been used for cutting. Knives of this kind may reveal the first indication of development of all corner tang types.

3. Back Tang — This type of knife still has the tang near the corner of the base, but on the side and not in the corner. These are only slightly different from the diagonal type of knife. This one may also have been used for skinning. It would have also made a good chopping blade or fleshing knife of the scraper type.

4. Mid-Back Tang — Here is a specialized form of the corner tang group. It was probably used as a scraper more than a skinning tool. This one is usually a triangular blade with the tang being located at the point of the triangle. This artifact is very scarce among the tang knife groups.

5. Re-worked Tangs — These are re-chipped tang knives which probably were picked up by later people and transformed into drills.

Four types of prehistoric tang knives showing corner tang and back tang forms from the Central States Archaeological Journal, April 1973. — Figure 54: The basic types or forms: from left to right; diagonal corner tang, mid-back tang, and two back tangs.

Tang knives vary in length from 1 to 9 inches; however, the average length is from 3 to 4 inches.

Wooden handles were inserted on the tang and were glued with gum and wrapped with cord made from yucca fiber or deer sinew.

The writer knows of only one corner tang knife which is still preserved and intact with the wooden handle. This outstanding piece belongs to a personal friend, Mr. Frank Runkles, of Post, Texas. This item was picked up by Miss Ulla Parsons in eastern Colorado after her father was killed during a wagon train attack in 1850. This prized relic was presented to the father of Frank Runkles just before Miss Parsons died. The tool was later handed down to Frank, who considers it to be a “ceremonial tomahawk.” Mr. Runkles says that the blade is typical of central Texas corner tangs in shape, size, and material. This notable artifact is inserted in a split handle of oak and lashed first with rawhide thongs and then with strips of sinew. This is a very rare and unusual piece, and is considered to be the only one of its kind in existence. The blade is made from bluish-gray and mottled flint, is four and one-half inches long and slightly less than two inches wide at the haft. The handle on this artifact is 17 inches long.

Uses and Distribution

Almost every person who owns or has seen a tang knife has his or her own opinion about how and what they were used for. Some people think they were used as battle axes, as medicine-man tools, as ceremonial tomahawks, and even as flint guillotines. Other conceptions for uses of this knife are hafted ripping tools used for cutting, skinning, scraping, and perhaps even scalping. I personally think that it was a hafted utility knife or tool used for many different purposes, as stated previously.

Doctor J. T. Patterson seemed to think that the corner tang artifacts were developed in central Texas, and that the distribution to other states was made by the movement of the tribes within the Plains area. He states that one of the migration paths is said to have been along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. This could mean that specimens secured in Texas were carried north where they were duplicated by other tribes of Indians. A few of these knives have been found through Colorado and Wyoming, as far north as Montana, and as far east as Illinois and Mississippi. However, the largest concentration (and possible home base) of the tang knife family belongs to Bell, Comanche, Coryell, and Bastrop counties of central Texas. There have been more tang knives found on the surface and dug from middens in Bell County than from any other area. Bell County could truly be the birthplace of this unusually-shaped knife.

In a survey made by Patterson in 1937, Texas showed 608 of these specimens, of which the counties listed above showed the greatest amount. Since 1937, there have been many more tang knives found over all the Western states, as well as some in the eastern states.

Most of the tang knives dug from middens in central Texas have been dated around 1,000–2,000 B.C. Many tang knives have been found in the sand hills of West Texas. These are thought to be from the middle to late Archaic stage, but this hasn’t been correlated as yet. These sand hills produce artifacts from the Historic period back to Paleo times intermixed on the same sites due to massive sandstorms. It may be hard to put a date on these relics in West Texas until someone finds one in an undisturbed strata with a refuse deposit.

References

Meroney, W.P. “Corner Notched Tomahawk,” Texas archaeological Society, Vol. I, p. 30, 1935.

Patterson, J. T. “Corner Tang Artifacts of Texas”, University of Texas Bulletin No. 3618. 1936.

Patterson, J. T. “Supplementary Notes on Corner Tang Artifacts”, University of Texas Bulletin No. 3734, 1937.

Runkles, Frank A. Personal contact, 1972.

Russell, Virgil Y. “Indian Artifacts”, p. 80, 1953.

The Largest Known Finished Concave Bannerstone

by C. J. O’Neill, Monroe, North Carolina

Concave humped bannerstone found near Bass Lake in Starke County, Indiana

The concave humped bannerstone found by Carl Vergin near Bass Lake in Starke County, Indiana, in 1884.

The year was 1884, and Carl Vergin was working the family gravel pit near Bass Lake in Starke County, Indiana, when he found another Indian relic. While he had gathered a good many from the pit and the surrounding area (Bass Lake, being a large, natural lake, had attracted a good many Indians over the centuries), Vergin had never seen anything like this. The smooth, green slate stone was nearly as long as his hand and was highly polished. It had a deep concavity running its length parallel to the hole that ran through it for more than six inches. There was a ridge running the length of the concavity, between the flutes.

Vergin put it with the other Indian relics, examining it from time to time but assigning it no particular worth over the other relics. Much later, when his young nephew would come over, Carl would let the boy, Karl “Bud” Master of nearby Monterey, play with it and the other relics. The boy showed a fascination for the piece.

Perhaps because of Bud Master’s interest, or perhaps for other reasons, when Vergin was invited to show his relics at the county fair in the 1930s, he put the piece back and brought over the rest the night before the fair opened. During the night, the collection was stolen. It was never recovered.

When Vergin died, his nine year old nephew inherited the bannerstone. He stored it in a box in a bedroom closet for 60 years, keeping quiet about what he calls the “family heirloom.”

Then, several months ago, he brought it to an Indian relic show and was astounded by the attention it brought. There were offers to buy, of course, but Master declined them. Finally, after months of thought, he decided to part with the piece to provide some security for his wife, Rose when he passes.

When someone sent me a picture of the piece, I realized the Masters had probably the largest, finished concave humped bannerstone known of the variety that shows parallel flutes the length of its base. Byron Knoblock, in his seminal work, “Banner-Stones of the North American Indian,” shows an unfinished example that is five and one half inches in length. Knoblock writes of his example (p. 244, No. 5) “this is the largest type specimen observed by the author.” Knoblock states that more than 50 percent of the specimens then known (his book was published in 1939) showed incomplete drilling. “These objects are exceedingly rare,” he wrote.

David Lutz, in his book “The Archaic Bannerstone,” shows examples made of limestone from Spencer County, Indiana. The largest is five inches.

The day after receiving pictures of the banner, I drove the more than 800 miles from my home in North Carolina to Monterey to purchase the piece. I’d like to express my thanks to Bud and Rose Master for allowing me to add this exemplary piece to my bannerstone collection.

Photos — Steven R. Cooper

Three views of a 6 1/4-inch concave humped bannerstone from Starke County, Indiana

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The Mississippian Spade

by Jeffery Steiner, Plymouth, Wisconsin

Large Mississippian Mill Creek chert spade from the Wickliffe Mounds cache in Ballard County, Kentucky, showing finely flaked workmanship.

Spade found in a cache near Wickliffe Mounds, in Ballard County, Kentucky. It is one of eleven found buried together, and was never utilized, as it shows no polish. It is made from Mill Creek chert and measures a fraction more than 12 inches in length. Collection of the author.

Mississippian spades are very interesting, large stone tools crafted by Mississippian artisans mainly for the purpose of digging and loosening soil for farming of corn and other crops of the time period. Hoes and spades increased productivity, allowing for the planting of extensive fields of crops such as corn. This in turn, led to more available food for those living in Mississippian villages. Certainly other uses would have been the digging of cache pits, storage pits, graves, or grubbing for roots. The spade was also a tool to soften the earth and soil for filling baskets of dirt for the mound building process.

The crops were generally tended by women of the society. The fields of the Mississippian Indians looked quite different from those we see today; beans, corn, squash, and other crops grew alongside each other. This was an efficient use of land because the corn stalks would provide shade for the lower crops and acted as supports or stakes for the beans to wind around.

Spades were made out of a variety of cherts such as Burlington, Kaolin, Crescent, and La Moine. Chert and limestone are found in the Cahokia area. In southern Illinois, Mounds and Dongola chert were used. On the outlying area of the Mississippian occupation, less desirable material like sandstone, limestone, and certain igneous and metamorphic materials were used. Note that all of these materials combined only accounted for about three percent of all known hoes and spades.

The two cherts that were most commonly used are 1. Dover chert, which is found near Stewart County, Tennessee, and 2. Mill Creek chert, the quarry being located in Union County, Illinois. More spades were made from Mill Creek chert than any other material. It is a tabular chert and one of the toughest cherts around, precisely why Mississippian agriculturists prized it. A weak chert would chip when used in the soil. Heat treated chert would chip easily, so raw Mill Creek, which was found in thinner, flatter nodules, was preferred. This raw material was so desired that some of the open pits were dug to a depth of 10-20 feet and a width from 12-40 feet. Mill Creek is found in slabs from two to five inches thick and up to two feet long and one foot wide. This made it ideal for use in the manufacturing of larger flint items. It is well known that Mississippian sites are near the present surface, so the cultivation and plowing of modern farm fields brought these large chert implements to the surface.

Spades and hoes were found in large numbers in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Their large size and shiny bits made them easy to find in fields where the early collectors and curious farmers picked them up.

Spades were found over a large area covering 200,000 square miles. Most spades were recovered in the Illinois and Missouri counties nearest to Cahokia. They have also been found as far north as the Aztalan area of southern Wisconsin. Some have been found in eastern Ohio and west to eastern Oklahoma. Spades have been found usually one at a time, rarely in a cache or large group. There are many documented caches, with the largest containing 50 notched hoes and 25 spades. The type of spades found would have a highly polished bit from use as though a coating of clear nail polish has been applied.

The polished surface is caused from the cutting of plants that form a buildup of a material called Opal Phytolith. Certain other spades show no use at all. The corn and other crops produced with these tools fed many thousands of people for well over two hundred years. One should never underestimate the ingenuity of ancient man for the invention of these unique and fascinating artifacts, because they helped immensely with the livelihood of their culture.

Flared-bit Mississippian spade made from colorful Mill Creek chert, found near Dyersburg in Crittenden County, Kentucky, with use polish along the cutting edge.

Above: A flair-Bit style spade made from a highly colorful Mill Creek chert. It was found by Mark Harris near the town of Dyersburg in Crittenden County, Kentucky. It has a high polish that extends just along the edge of the bit. It measures 9 1/4 inches in length.

Below: An extremely large Mill Creek chert spade measuring 13 3/4 inches in length, found in Livingston County, Kentucky, by Raleigh Johnson

Extremely large Mississippian spade made from Mill Creek chert, measuring 13¾ inches long and found in Livingston County, Kentucky, by Raleigh Johnson.

Chocolate Dover chert Mississippian spade (left) and gray Dover chert Mississippian spade (right), both large prehistoric agricultural tools from Tennessee.

Dover Spades – Above left: A “paddle” style spade made from a chocolate Dover chert. It exhibits a near glass-like high polish over nearly half of its surface, which measures 8 inches in length. It was found on the Ledbetter Site in Livingston County, Kentucky. Above right: A V-shaped spade of grey Dover chert found in Montgomery County, Tennessee. It too has high bit polish and also measures 8 inches in length.

Large Mississippian spade made from Mill Creek chert, recovered from the Wickliffe Mounds cache in Ballard County, Kentucky. The 11⅞-inch spade shows no evidence of use polish.

Dr. Michael Gramly wrote the definitive work on the Dover quarry, Prehistoric Lithic Industry at Dover, Tennessee, published in 1992. The back of the book featured a large spade found in the archaeological excavations at the site. In the picture above, the actual quarry site is behind the group that Dr. Gramly is speaking to. As one walks the site, large pieces of flint are everywhere. Some of the nodules are incredibly large, which would have been necessary in spade manufacturing. The Mississippians rolled the nodules quite a distance down the valley to sites where stone knappers lived and manufactured a wide variety of tools. It was obviously a large scale operation, since the ground was covered with debitage more than four feet deep in places.

A second spade from the cache found near Wickliffe Mounds, in Ballard County, Kentucky. It too shows no use polish, is made from Mill Creek chert and measures 11 7/8 inches in length.

References

Central States Archaeological Journal, 2004, Volume 51.4, pages 142-144.

Central States Archaeological Journal, 2001, Volume 58.4, page 218.

Lithic Casting Lab.

Megalithics / Flintknapper.

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Paleo Period Points of the Carolina Piedmont

by Ron L. Harris, Hickory, North Carolina

Collection of Paleo-Indian projectile points from North Carolina assembled over 55 years by Ron L. Harris.

At top: The author’s entire North Carolina Paleo collection assembled over a 55-year span.

The earliest prehistoric human occupation in North Carolina dates to the Paleo-Indian period, which is thought to have begun around 10,000 BC. The temporal marker for that period is the fluted projectile point usually recovered as a surface find on exposed surfaces such as plowed fields, road cuts, construction sites and eroding streams or fields.

Archaeologists recognize two main cultures within the Paleo-Indian period in the North Carolina Piedmont region. They are Clovis & Hardaway-Dalton.

The Clovis Culture made beautiful distinctive fluted spear points (9500 – 8500 BC) that show remarkable similarities across the American continent. The purpose of the Clovis flute or channel most likely was to facilitate the hafting process. The edges on both sides near the base were dulled, so as to prevent them from cutting through the bindings that attached the point to the spear shaft. It should be noted that as of yet no Clovis points have been excavated from an undisturbed stratified site or found in context with datable material in N.C.

Late Paleo Hardaway-Dalton projectile point made from rhyolite found in Randolph County, North Carolina.

Hardaway-Dalton point: This late-Paleo Hardaway-Dalton point is made of porphyritic Rhyolite. It was recovered in the Cedar Square community near Randleman in northern Randolph County, North Carolina. Size: 3 inches. Collection of the author.

The Hardaway-Dalton Culture made differently styled spear points with shallow indentations on each side of the blade near the basally thinned base with ground (dulled) proximal blade edges (8500 – 8000 BC).

Another projectile point type that figures into the Paleo-Indian time frame in the N.C. Piedmont is the Alamance point. It is believed to be a variant or sub-type of the Hardaway-Dalton with both occurring in the same time frame.

Infrequently, Simpson type points of the late Paleo period are found in the lower N.C. Piedmont regions. However, this type is usually found in the Deep South such as Florida and South Georgia. Fluting for the Simpson point is absent or weak but basal areas are ground. The hafting area is constricted or “waisted”.

Spears tipped with these unique types of stone points were the main hunting tools in the Paleo-Indian time frame.

Below At right: An exceptionally well made fluted point found in the Blue Ridge mountains of Alleghany County, North Carolina in the New River drainage. Made of high-grade golden-tan flint. Size: Just under 4 inches. Collection of the author.

Exceptionally well-made fluted point from Alleghany County and a Late Paleo Alamance point from Moore County, North Carolina.

Above on the left: A late Paleo Alamance point found in Moore County, N.C. in the Cape Fear River drainage. It is highly patinated Silicified shale. Note the fluted or thinned base. Size: 1 1/2 inches. Collection of the author.

These First Carolinians were nomadic hunters & gatherers who moved regularly through vast territories on a seasonal basis in search of new resources. They lived in small family groups that archaeologists call bands. Subsistence comes from the hunting and gathering of wild foods. They carried or pulled all of their possessions from one location to another and therefore built no permanent dwellings. Protection from severe weather consisted of temporary shelters constructed from sticks and brush, forest thickets or the occasional rock shelter. Clothing and mats were likely from plant fibers and animal hides. Containers may have included bark and/or animal bags, gourds and woven nets from vines or grass.

The most important excavated N.C. site yielding Paleo-Indian components is the Hardaway Site (31-ST-4) on the west bank of the Yadkin River near the town of Badin in Stanly County, N.C. The Hardaway site investigations formed the basis of Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic sequences for the Carolina Piedmont as defined by Joffre L. Coe (1964).

The classic fluted Clovis point was not recovered from Hardaway; however, it is thought by archaeologists to be contemporary with the Hardaway phase, which represents the earliest occupation at the site and dates to at least 8000 BC (Ward 1983).

The Hardaway Corner-Notch projectile point evolved from the Hardaway-Dalton. It is smaller with “U” shaped corner-notches. Archaeologists consider this particular type to be the beginning of the Early Archaic period in N.C. dating to about 8000 BC.

Some archaeologists think the earliest Paleo-Indians lived mostly in the Piedmont because more fluted points have turned up there than elsewhere in the state. The Piedmont was probably a more climate hospitable region to live in as opposed to the colder mountains.

Paleo-Indian sites on the low-lying Coastal Plain may presently be invisible, having been inundated by rising sea levels or deeply buried in floodplain soils. Widely scattered Paleo-Indian artifacts of the Clovis-Hardaway-Dalton types have been found in the mountains and foothills of North Carolina but presently no significant undisturbed locations for this period exist there either. This may be due in part to these First Carolinians favoring hilltops or ridges for their camps. This allowed centuries of rain and weather to erode and wash away their sites.

Most of the Paleo-Indian type spear points seem to be produced from local lithic material leading archaeologists to conclude these ancient points were manufactured by resident Native Americans and not simply lost by seasonal hunting parties from outside (Purrington 1983). In the N.C. Piedmont this preferred raw material consisted of high-quality metavolcanic rocks found in the Slate Belt. Most stone tools found in the Piedmont that date to the Paleo-Indian period, as well as later periods, were made from this fine-grained, metamorphosed volcanic rock called rhyolite. Rhyolite outcrops are restricted to the area of the Slate Belt in and around the Uwharrie Mountains of Stanly & Montgomery Counties in south-central N.C.

It is not by accident that the site of the most important Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic search in N.C. – The Hardaway Site – also is located in the Uwharrie Mountains.

Rare Simpson Paleo-Indian point made from rhyolite recovered in Chatham County, North Carolina.

Simpson point: Simpson type Paleo point found in Chatham County, North Carolina in the Cape Fear River drainage. Short flutes or basal thinning on both sides. Rare type for N.C. in that this type is usually found in the deep-south region. However, this point is made from Rhyolite material indigenous to central N.C. where the point was recovered. Size: 3 1/2 inches. Collection of the author.

Rodney Peck, president of the Piedmont Archaeology Society of Virginia and the Carolinas, has undertaken the monumental task of recording fluted points found in North Carolina. This has been an ongoing task for many years and hundreds of fluted points have officially been recorded and are still being recorded in his survey.

Accompanying this article are several photographs illustrating examples of various Paleo-Indian projectile point types (Clovis, Hardaway-Dalton, Alamance & Simpson) typically recovered in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge foothills regions of North Carolina.

Rare clear quartz crystal fluted Paleo-Indian point from Alexander County, North Carolina.

Quartz point: Very rare clear quartz crystal fluted point found by Blake Deal in the Brushy Mountain community of “Vashti” of northern Alexander County, North Carolina. Size: 2 inches. Collection of the author.

References

Joffre L. Coe
1964 Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont

Research Laboratory of Archaeology,
2001 Intrigue of the Past University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Larry R. Clark
2002 Indians of Burke County & western North Carolina

Robert W. Keeler
1971- Archaeological Survey of Upper Catawba River Valley

H. Trawick Ward & R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr.
1999 Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina

Robert Overstreet
2007 Overstreet’s Indian Arrowhead Guide # 10

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A Nebraska Cache

by Tom Westfall, Sterling, Colorado

Lodgepole Creek is a tributary of the South Platte River. It runs for nearly 280 miles through Wyoming and Nebraska, ultimately dumping into the South Platte River near the town of Ovid, Colorado. The creek drains a basin in the interior of a low plateau which lies between the North and South Platte Rivers. Although Lodgepole Creek is a very small stream, it has been a conduit of travel for thousands of years. Countless artifacts have been recovered from the surrounding hills over the years.

Several years ago, an interesting cache of artifacts was recovered from private property near the town of Potter, Nebraska. Potter, in western Cheyenne County, owes its initial establishment to the railroad. A station house was built in 1870. During the construction of the rail line which followed Lodgepole Creek in places, a number of sandstone overhangs were dynamited in order to keep them from eventually falling onto the tracks. It is suspected that these overhangs may have been temporary rock shelter dwellings; although there is no recorded evidence of archaeological discoveries at the time the railroad was being constructed.

It was on the gradual slope above the railroad tracks that this cache was discovered. These pieces were all found on the surface in a very small area, less than the size of a desk top. The cache consists of six pieces. Five of the pieces are large preforms or blades. Three are made of Flattop chalcedony which is quarried not too far south of Potter in Logan County, Colorado. The longest of the three Flattop blades is 4½ inches in length and 1⅞ inches at its widest point. A second blade is 3¾ inches in length and is 2¼ inches in width. The third Flattop blade measures 4 inches in length and 1½ inches in width. Additionally, two blades made of what appears to be Hartville Uplift jasper were recovered. They both measure approximately 4 inches in length and about 1½ inches in width. All five appear to be preforms and do not show any significant usage as knives.

In addition to the preforms, a complete projectile point was recovered. This point is 1¾ inches in length and would appear to fit into the Lookingbill Complex (Taylor: Projectile Points of the High Plains). According to Taylor, the Lookingbill point is generally very well made and dates from 7200–6900 BP. The point recovered shows no use wear and appears to be “first stage,” meaning that it had never been resharpened. It is made of some type of dendritic chert.

The presence of red ochre on these artifacts may give them special significance. Each of the large preforms appears to be coated in red ochre, and the point shows evidence of ochre, especially in the basal area. Several “pebbles” of red ochre littered the ground with the artifacts and were recovered as well. Without any bone material and considering this was a surface find, it is impossible to attribute any specific significance to the red ochre. People have used red ochre since Neanderthal times for a variety of activities, including painting leather, insect repellant and other ceremonial purposes.

This brief write-up is being provided in order to document this important find. Hopefully, some archaeologist will want to eventually study the cache and make an educated interpretation of what these stones mean, helping to provide a more in-depth analysis of how they fit into our understanding of Amerind prehistory.

References

Taylor, Jeb
2006 Projectile Points of the High Plains. Privately printed.

Photo caption: At top: The cache of artifacts found on Lodgepole Creek. The longest measures 4½ inches in length.

Photograph of a prehistoric artifact cache from Lodgepole Creek near Potter, Nebraska, featuring five large stone blade preforms made of Flattop chalcedony and Hartville Uplift jasper, a Lookingbill projectile point of dendritic chert, and red ochre pebbles recovered with the cache.

Above: A cache of artifacts recovered from Lodgepole Creek near Potter, Nebraska. The three upper blades are made of Flattop chalcedony, with the center specimen measuring 4½ inches in length. The two large blades at the lower left and right are crafted from Hartville Uplift jasper and measure approximately 4 inches long. Centered between them is a Lookingbill projectile point made of dendritic chert, measuring 1¾ inches in length. Below the point are several pieces of red ochre recovered with the cache, suggesting the artifacts may have held ceremonial or symbolic significance.

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