Volume 67, Number 3, July 2020
On the Cover: Shown on the cover is an assemblage of Old Copper Culture artifacts. These were personally found by Sam Wasion and were found in northern Wisconsin and Michigan. They range in time from approximately 6500-1500 BC. In this group are a number of ornamental artifacts including several pendants, a ring and several beads. The large item at the top is a pointed socketed spud. It measures 6” in length. Items like this are a mystery and there is no certainty as to what it was utilized for. The center curved knife is approximately 9” in length. Additionally, there are effigy artifacts, including a snake, turtle and bird, as well as several spear points, including socketed and sawtooth specimens.The curved piece on the right is rare sawtooth knife. The fishhooks range in size from 5/8” to 2 ½ ” in length. The center crescent knife is an extremely rare specimen. There are approximately 60 tiny punch marks across each surface, and the finder knows of no other known specimens that are decorated with such a design. Finally, there are several other artifact forms represented including a copper harpoon. It should be noted that many copper artifacts show extreme uniformity and quality, indicating a high degree of technological specialization in this culture. Collection of Sam Wasion, Flora, Illinois
Photograph by Sam Wasion
Table of Contents
| Title | Author | Page(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Message from the Editor | Steven R. Cooper | 115 |
| Outstanding Members Honored | — | 116 |
| Kincaid Mounds | Norm Jepson | 116 |
| Some Thoughts on a Wisconsin Oneota Disc Pipe | Ray Fraser | 117–118 |
| The Woodland Period Clash of Cultures – Some New Ideas | Robert Moyer | 119–121 |
| Sweet’s Prairie | Carl R. Becker | 121 |
| A Bottleneck Benton from Illinois | Bill Clark | 122 |
| An Analysis of Chipped Stone Tools from the Lower Apalachicola River, Florida | Lawrence B. Cunningham | 123–125 |
| What Did the Native Americans Believe? A Model that Integrates Lifeways, Migrations and Values of the People Before Columbus | Scott Chandler | 126–131 |
| Reminiscing About Arrowhead Hunting | Bob Reeves | 132–133 |
| A Salado Human Effigy Axehead | Steve Campbell | 133 |
| Mortar Creek | Charlie Wagers | 134–135 |
| The Grey-Hardin Great Pipe | Doug Goodrum | 135–137 |
| Lightning Whelk | Sandy B. Carter Jr. | 138–141 |
| Never a Walk Too Far; North American Projectile Points; The Ceremonial Mace Heads of Ancient Costa Rica (Review) | Steven R. Cooper | 141 |
| The Grand Family Pipe | David A. Easterla | 142–143 |
| An Unusual Steatite Artifact | V. Gary Henry | 144 |
| Celts – The Ungrooved Axe | Ron Harris | 145–148 |
| A Look into Prehistoric Mississippian “Picture Writing” | Jack Green | 149–154 |
| Railroad Archaeology | Peter G. Murphy; Alice J. Murphy | 155–156 |
| Why Study Bones and Mummies | E. J. Neiburger | 156–162 |
| Archaeology and Artifacts: A Hopewell Copper Canine Effigy | David H. Dye | 163 |
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