Volume 72, Number 3, July 2025
On the Cover: This is a life-size model recreation of King Carlos, leader of the Calusa Indians, as he takes a meeting at the Calusa Capital on Mou
Key in Estero Bay near modern Fort Myers, Florida. This life size diorama is part of the permanent exhibit on Native Americans at the
Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville. The meeting took place in 1564 and was witnessed by the Spanish. It also included
his wives, a visiting leader from the Tequesta tribe and the tribes spiritual leader, his father. Mound Key was a man made island and the
structure built by the Calusa there was large enough to hold 2,000 people at one time. The cover image shows Carlos (actually Caalus in
the Native language) dressed in all of his formal regalia, including a large shell gorget, beads, an impressive headdress, arm bands along
with face and body paint. His body has multiple tattoos. For more on sites in Central Florida, see the story on page 116.
Table of Contents
| Title | Author | Page |
|---|---|---|
| Message from the Editor | — | 115 |
| Mounds and Earthworks on the Public Highway – Part Twenty: Central Florida | Steven R. Cooper | 116 |
| Expedition to Gourd Creek Cave in Phelps County, Missouri | Terry Bourret | 120 |
| Circular Stone Artifact Discs – What Are They? | Crystal Daugherty | 122 |
| Red Stone Beads from the Townley-Read Site, New York | John M. Selmer | 124 |
| A Double Full-Groove Adz from Atchison County, Missouri | Dr. David A. Easterla | 126 |
| Dimplestones: Enigmatic Paleo Ground Stone Objects from the Southeastern USA | Robert Knight, Ph.D.; John Booth | 128 |
| Multi-Layered Hell and Sacrificial Knives from Guatemala and Oklahoma | Richard Michael Gramly, Ph.D. | 136 |
| Some Early Paleo Fluted Bases from the Kouba/Skare Site in Dane County, Wisconsin | David Christensen | 140 |
| Obituary: John Whitner Young | — | 141 |
| Abalone Pendant Ornaments from the Sacramento Valley | Steven R. Cooper | 142 |
| An Iroquois Clay Ring Bowl Pipe from Jefferson County, New York | Keith Cicero | 144 |
| Two Repaired Slate Artifacts | Steve Ward; Liz Ward | 145 |
| Move When the Wind Blows – Hunting When the Earth Had Four Corners (Part Two) | Scott Chandler | 146 |
| McAdams Style Spider Shell Gorgets in Tennessee | Dr. Sandy B. Carter Jr. | 157 |
| Quarry and Reduction Blanks vs Preforms – Is There a Difference? | Darrel Wilson | 160 |
| Shoshonean Prayer Stones of the Paiute Culture | Matt Dorso | 162 |
| Membership Application / CSAJ Back Issues | — | 163 |
| Officers and Societies | — | 164 |
| Calendar of Events | — | 168 |
Membership Application
Officers and Societies
Calendar of Events